nantonos.net

epona.net

EPONA.net - Geographical Distribution of Epona

http://www.epona.net/distribution.html

Geographical Distribution of Epona. In the course of our researches, we have compiled a list of all the Epona depictions or inscriptions tha we could find - starting with the ones listed in [Reinach 1895]. And [Magnen and Thévenot ]. Adding from major catalogues such as [Espérandieu]. And individual finds as we came across references to them. This list is currently being compared against the recent major listing by [Euskirchen]. Depictions are in red. Depictions are in green. Epona representations or ins...

epona.net

EPONA.net - Introduction and Etymology

http://www.epona.net/introduction.html

Any encyclopedia will tell you that Epona was the Celtic goddess of horses. So will many websites; usually they just state this without citing any sources or giving further details. How do we know there was any such goddess? How, and by whom? The historical evidence consists of direct evidence - linguistics (discussed below), epigraphic (such as dedicatory inscriptions. And written references in literature. And indirect evidence, in the form of archaeological material such as Epona statues. The word epos...

epona.net

EPONA.net - Annotated Epona Bibliography

http://www.epona.net/bibliography.html

This annotated bibliography provides suggested further reading about Epona and also the context, historical times, and people who honored her. Realising that some of the works cited below may be hard to obtain, a selection of them may be ordered here. Artefact and inscription catalogs. Articles and books about Epona. Artefact and inscription catalogs. Salomon Reinach's 1895 catalog of 60 Eponas is the earliest known catalog and the first to bring the concept of Epona to a general classical studies reader...

epona.net

EPONA.net - Depictions of Epona

http://www.epona.net/depictions.html

The main source of indirect evidence about Epona are several hundred statues, statuettes, bas-relifs and painted depictions of her. A few Epona representations are made of bronze; the majority are stone bas-reliefs in a variety of sizes. Moulded pipeclay Eponas are also fairly common. One Epona is known made of wood [ 1. In this bronze from Champoulet [Joffroy]. Epona and her mare are cast as separate items. Her empty right hand seems to be shaped as if she once held an item such as a patera. Sometimes, ...

epona.net

EPONA.net - The Worship of Epona

http://www.epona.net/worship.html

The Worship of Epona. Surprisingly little is known about the worship of Epona. This section summarises what is known based on the evidence we have. Epona in the home. Epona seems to have been a protector of horses and was worshipped by people whose primary job function or livelihood depended on horses. Examples include cavalry (naturally Epona was more popular among the cavalry alae. Than among infantry), scouts, dispatch riders, mule drivers, carters, stable hands and grooms. Including Epona, the Campes...

epona.net

EPONA.net - Epona in Classical Literature

http://www.epona.net/literature.html

Epona in Classical Literature. Epona is mentioned by name several times in the classical literature. Satires, by Juvenal. The Golden Ass, by Apuleius. The Octavius, by Minucius Felix. The Apotheosis, by Prudentius. Expositio Sermonum Antiquorum, by Fulgentius. Satires, by Juvenal. Decimus Junius Juvenalis wrote sixteen satires, probably between 100 and 128 CE. The 7th, 8th and 9th satires were probably written between 113 and 121 CE. Green, pp. xv-xvi. As witnesses - and as soon as his term of office.

epona.net

EPONA.net - Epona Inscriptions

http://www.epona.net/inscriptions.html

The reason that we know Epona's name is because of dedicatory inscriptions (mostly in Latin, a few in Greek) and through passing references in the Latin literature. Although the name Epona is clearly Gaulish. There are no inscriptions to Epona written in Gaulish. The custom of setting up dedications for others to read was introduced to Gaul by the Romans, so the inscriptions use Epona as a foreign name. Many of the Epona inscriptions are regular Roman altars with a carved. Genio t(urmae) et /. Sing(ulari...

epona.net

EPONA.net - Epona and Other Deities

http://www.epona.net/otherdeities.html

Epona and Other Deities. Many deities were associated with Epona at the time, either by sharing a dedicatory inscription, or by being depicted together on the same sculpture, or by being associated in other ways such as sharing a temple. Read more about deities linked to Epona. Read more about possible Epona origins. Read more about influences of Epona on later deities.

epona.net

EPONA.net - A Timeline of Epona Evidence

http://www.epona.net/timeline.html

A Timeline of Epona Evidence. It is frequently assumed that Epona was a native Celtic goddess predating the Roman conquest of Gaul in 52 BCE. This may well be true; the evidence for it is sadly lacking. This page collects together the securely dated evidence for Epona and presents it in chronological order. Dating evidence from inscriptions and archaeology. Dating evidence from the literature. Table of datable evidence. Accurate ranges are indicated like this 105-118. Are indicated like this: Side. Celje...